CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter deals with the
presentation and analysis of the various variables in the questionnaire and the
testing of hypothesis for validity. The data for the study was obtained through
questionnaire administered to respondents and oral interview held with some members
of the sample studied.
A total of three hundred and fifty
(350) questionnaires were administered in the course of collecting data for the
study.
Three hundred and fifteen (315)
questionnaires were dully completed. These constitute 90% returns and returned,
out of the fifty questionnaires administered on the ex-convicts only fifteen
(15) returned theirs.
Analysis of Personal Data of
Respondents
Table 1: Distribution of Respondents by Sex.
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Male
|
220
|
60.84%
|
Female
|
95
|
30.16%
|
Total
|
315
|
100%
|
Table 1:
above shows the sex distribution of the respondents 60.84% (220) were males
while 30.16% (95) were females.
Table 2: Distribution of Respondents by Age.
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Below
21 years
|
35
|
11.11
|
21
– 30
|
75
|
23.80
|
31
– 40
|
100
|
31.74
|
41
– above
|
115
|
36.50
|
Total
|
315
|
100
|
Table 2, above shows the age
distribution of the respondents 11.11% (35) were below 21 years, 23.80 (75)
were within the age bracket of 21 – 30 years, 31.74% (100) were within the age
31 – 40 years while 36.50% (115) were within the age bracket of 41 years and
above.
Table 3: Marital Status of Respondents
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Single
|
112
|
35.55
|
Married
|
203
|
64.44
|
Widowed
|
-
|
-
|
Total
|
315
|
100
|
Table 3, above shows the marital
status of the respondents 35.55% (112) were single while 64.44% (203) were
married none of the respondents were widowed.
Table 4: Educational Status of Respondents
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Primary
School
|
60
|
19.04
|
Secondary
|
60
|
50.79
|
Post
Secondary
|
95
|
30.15
|
Total
|
315
|
100
|
Table
4, above shows the educational status of respondents 60 (19.04%) were
having only primary school education, 160 (50.79%) were educated up to
secondary school level while the remaining 95 (30.15%) were educated beyond
secondary school level.
Table 5: Job Status of Respondents
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Senior
Staff
|
50
|
15.87
|
Junior
Staff
|
150
|
47.62
|
Applicants
|
115
|
36.50
|
Total
|
315
|
100
|
Table 5, shows the job status of
respondents. 50 (15.87%) were senior staff. 150 (47.62%) were junior while the
rest 115 (36.50%) were applicants
Table 6: Job Description of Respondent
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
General
Duty
|
180
|
57.14
|
Medical
|
8
|
2.53
|
Health
|
4
|
1.26
|
Welfare
|
8
|
2.53
|
Applicants
|
100
|
31.74
|
Self
Employed
|
15
|
4.76
|
Total
|
315
|
100
|
Table
6, shows the job description of respondents 180 (57.14%) were general duty,
8 (2.53%) medical, 4 (1.26% Health workers, 8 (2.53%) welfare, 100 (31.74%)
applicants are the inmates and 15 (4.76%) were self employed which are the
ex-convicts.
Table 7: Salary Grade Level of Respondents
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Level
0 – Below
|
115
|
36.50
|
3
– 7
|
150
|
47.61
|
8
– 10
|
36
|
11.42
|
11
above
|
14
|
4.44
|
Total
|
315
|
100
|
Table
7, shows the salary grade level of respondents 115 (36.50%) were 0 and
below, 150 (47.61%) were 3 – 7, 36 (11.42%) were 8 – 10, while 14 (4.44%) were
11 and above.
Table 8: Number of children of Respondents.
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
None
|
85
|
26.98
|
1
– 4
|
176
|
55.55
|
Above
|
65
|
20.63
|
Total
|
315
|
100
|
Table
8, shows the number of children of the respondents. 85 (26.98%) had no
children, 175 (55.55%) were between 1 – 4 children while above 4 children forms
65 (20.63%) of the population.
Table 9: Type of Administration in Oko Prison
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Modern
Yes
|
80
|
40
|
Traditional
No
|
120
|
60
|
Total
|
200
|
100
|
Question: What type of administration do you practice
in medium security prison Oko?
Table 9,
shows that 80 (40%) agreed that the administration in Oko
Prison is Modern, while 120 (60%) agreed that the administration is traditiona.
Table 10: Proper Administration
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
42
|
21
|
No
|
158
|
79
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Do you think that the Prisons in Nigeria are
being properly administered?
Table
10, shows that 42 (21%) Prisons in Nigeria are properly administered why
158 (79%) disagreed that prisons in Nigeria is being properly administered.
Table 11: Congestion in Nigeria Prisons
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
130
|
65
|
No
|
70
|
35
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Questions: Is there any relationship between prisons
administration and congestion of prisons?
Table 12: Congestion in Nigeria Prisons
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
151
|
75.5
|
No
|
49
|
24.5
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: are there congestion in Nigeria prison?
Table
12,
shows that one 130 (65%) agreed that there is relationship between prison
administration and congestion, while 70 (35%) agreed that, there is no
relationship between them. Table 12, 151 (75.5%) agreed that there is
congestion 49 (24.5%) agreed that there is no congestion in Nigeria prisons.
Training
It is agreed that lack of training and
provision of facilities for the in-mates workshops are the cause of improper
reformation and rehabilitation of inmates in Nigeria prisons. The assumption is
that, training is not given sufficient attention, where as the end product of
training is the acquisition of new skills and knowledge, but where this is
lacking reticivism will always be the case.
To ensure an efficient and effective
prison administration, emphasis should be placed on training programmes and
provision of training facilities in the prisons.
Table 13: Facilities for Inmates Training
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
30
|
15
|
No
|
170
|
85
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Are there enough facilities for inmates
training in your prisons?
Table 14: Provision of Facilities in Prison
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
180
|
90
|
No
|
20
|
10
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Table 13,
shows that thirty (15%) agreed that there are facilities for inmates training
in the prison and one hundred and seventy (85%) disagreed that there are
facilities for inmates training.
Table 14,
shows that one hundred and eighty (90%) are of the opinion that provision of
more training facilities can help in the proper reformation, rehabilitation and
re-integration of inmates, while twenty (10%) disagreed.
Table 15: Adaptation after Discharge
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
33
|
16.5
|
No
|
167
|
83.5
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Do you think prisoners on discharge can
adapt easily into the society?
Table 16: Prisoners and Exposure to Crime
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
165
|
82.5
|
No
|
35
|
17.5
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Does improper reformation,
rehabilitation and re-integration of prisoners expose them to crime after
discharge
Table
15, shows that thirty three (16.5%) prisoners on discharge can adapt easily
into the society while one hundred and sixty seven (83.5%) disagreed with this
view.
Table1,
shows that one hundred and sixty five (82.5%) believed that improper
reformation rehabilitation and re-integration of prisoners expose them to crime
after discharge, while thirty five (17.5%) owns the view that the above idices
cannot lead to crime after discharge.
Table 17: Assessment of reformation and rehabilitation policy in Oko Prison
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
70
|
35
|
No
|
130
|
65
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: How would you assess the reformation, and
rehabilitation policy in Oko Prison?
Table 18: Training of Staff
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
110
|
55
|
No
|
90
|
45
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Does training of staff lead to effective
performance on the job?
Table 19: Course Undergone
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
73
|
36.5
|
No
|
127
|
63.5
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Have you undergone any development course,
since you join the service?
Table 20: Relationship between training and job performance
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
73
|
36.5
|
No
|
127
|
63.5
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Has the training you received improve your
job performance?
Table
17,
shows that seventy, (35%) reformation and rehabilitation in Oko Prison is
effective and one hundred and thirty (65%) shows that the policy is partially
effective.
Table
18, shows that one hundred and ten (55%) shows that training of staff can
lead to effective performance on the job and ninety (45%) agreed that training
cannot lead to effective performance.
Table
19, only seventy-three (36.5%) agreed that, they have undergone development
course while one hundred and twenty seven (63.5%) have no undergone development
course, hence the ineffectiveness experience in the service.
Table
20, shows that seventy three (36.5%) agreed that training has improved
their job performance, while one hundred and twenty seven (63.5%) shows that
training has not improve their job performance, since they have not be
privilege to attend any development courses.
Table 21: Analysis of Questionnaire of Inmates
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Training
|
70
|
70
|
Stealing
|
20
|
20
|
Civil
Servant
|
10
|
10
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Question: What is your source of income?
Table
21, shows that, seventy, (70%) are traders, twenty (20%) thieves and ten
(10) civil servants.
Table 22: No of Times in Prison
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Once
|
68
|
68
|
Twice
|
22
|
22
|
More
|
10
|
10
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Question:
How times, have you come to
prison?
Table 23: Offences
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Stealing
|
20
|
20
|
Murder
|
10
|
10
|
Civil
|
70
|
70
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Question: On what offences have you been sent to
prison?
Table
22,
shows sixty eight (68%) have been sent to prison once, twenty two (22%) to
prison twice while ten (10%) have been sent to prison for more than twice.
Table
23, shows that, twenty (20%) go to for offence of stealing, ten (10%) for
offence of murder and seventy, (70%) for civil offence
Table 24: Condition of Prison
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
38
|
38
|
No
|
62
|
62
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Are you happy with the conditions in prison?
Table 25: Trade in Prison
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
26
|
26
|
No
|
74
|
74
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Did you learn any trade before your
imprisonment?
Table 26: Practicing the Trade
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
14
|
14
|
No
|
86
|
86
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Are you allowed to practice the trade in
Prison?
Table
24, shows that thirty-eight (28%) agreed that they were happy with the
condition in prison while eighty-six (85%) disagreed that the condition in
prison is bad.
Table
25, shows that twenty-six (26%) had trade before imprisonment and
seventy-four had no trade.
Table
26, shows that fourteen (14%) are allowed to practice their trade and
eighty-six (86%) were not allowed, because they had no trade before their
imprisonment.
Table 27: Facilities for Inmates Training
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
47
|
47
|
No
|
3
|
53
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Any facilities for inmates training in the
prison?
Table 28: Facilities up to date
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
28
|
28
|
No
|
72
|
72
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Are the facilities up to date?
Table 29: Skill Acquisition
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
32
|
32
|
No
|
68
|
68
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Do you think you can acquire any skills in
the prison?
Table
27, shows that forty-seven, (47%) agreed that there are facilities for
inmates training and fifty-three (53%) agreed that there are no facilities for
inmates training in the prison.
Table
28, shows that twenty-eight, (28%) agreed that facilities are up to date
while seventy-two, (72%) agreed that facilities for inmates training are not up
to date.
Table
29, shows that thirty-two, (32%) acquire skills in the prison while
sixty-eighty, (68%) could not acquire skill in the prison.
Analysis
of Questionnaire of Ex-convicts
Table 30: Number of times in prison
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Once
|
6
|
40
|
Twice
or More
|
9
|
60
|
Total
|
15
|
100%
|
Question: How many times have you be imprisoned?
Table 31: Offences
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Stealing
|
4
|
26.6
|
Murder
|
2
|
13.3
|
Civil
|
9
|
60
|
Total
|
15
|
100
|
Question: For what offences?
Table 32: Trade in Prison
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
5
|
33.3
|
No
|
10
|
66.7
|
Total
|
15
|
100%
|
Question: Did you learn any trade in prison?
Table 33: Acceptance by the Family
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
8
|
53.3
|
No
|
7
|
46.7
|
Total
|
15
|
100%
|
Question: Where you accepted by your family after
imprisonment?
Table 34: Rehabilitation after Imprisonment
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
1
|
6.7
|
No
|
14
|
93.3
|
Total
|
15
|
100%
|
Question: Any effort to rehabilitate you either by
Government, prisons or other organizations?
Table 35: Rehabilitation Facilities
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
1
|
6.7
|
No
|
14
|
93.3
|
Total
|
15
|
100%
|
Question: Are the rehabilitation facilities adequate
for your livelihood?
Table
30,
shows that, six (40%) has been in prison for once, while nine (60%) for more
than once.
Table
31, shows that, four, (26.6%) has been convicted, for stealing related
offences, two, (13.3%) for murder offences while nine (60%) for civil offences.
Table
32, shows that five (33.3%) learnt trade in the prison and ten (66.7%)
learnt nothing.
Table
33, shows that, eight, (53.3%) were accepted, by their family after
imprisonment, because their offences were civil.
Table
34, shows that one (6.7%) was rehabilitated after imprisonment by other
organization (catholic), and fourteen (93.3%) were left to care for themselves
after discharge from prison.
Testing of Hypotheses
Hypothesis
1: That imprisonment in Nigeria
is punitive rather than being reformative.
The
table below was used to analyze the above stated hypothesis.
Table 36: Imprisonment in Nigeria is punitive and not reformative
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
120
|
60
|
No
|
80
|
40
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question:
Do you think that prisons in Nigeria are punitive rather than being
reformative?
The data presented in table 36, are in
respect of the respondents perceptions of imprisonment in Nigeria as punitive
and not reformative. It is indicated that 120 (60%) of the respondents see
imprisonment in Nigeria is punitive while 80 (40%) of the respondents are
imprisonment in Nigeria as reformative. In fact this may be the reason why
ex-convicts take to crime soon after discharge.
Hypothesis
2: That proper administration of
prisons in Nigeria will lead to decongestion in the prisons.
Table 37: Proper Administration leads to decongestion in prisons
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
142
|
71
|
No
|
58
|
29
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question:
Is there any relationship between administration and congestion of prisons?
Table 37, above shows that 142 (71%)
of the respondents are of the opinion that, there is relationship between
prison administration and prison congestion, while 58 (29%) are of the view
that there is no relationship between prison administration and congestion of
prisons in Nigeria. The fact was further collaborated in the analysis of
questionnaire of ex-convict. See table 30.
Hypothesis
3: That non-availability of necessary facilities, such as mechanic,
tailoring, electrical, carpentry, workshop etc., for inmates reformation
rehabilitation and re-integration are responsible for the inefficiency in
medium security prison Oko’s administration.
Table 38: Non-availability of training facilities is cause of inefficiency
in Oko Prison’s administration
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
160
|
80
|
No
|
40
|
20
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question:
Are there enough facilities for inmates training in your prison?
The response to the question shows
that 160 respondents or 80% of the respondents agreed that the non-availability
of training facilities is the cause of inefficiency in prison administration in
the medium security prison, Oko. While, 40 (20%) of the respondents stated that
there is no relationship between inefficiency and availability of training facilities
in Oko Prison. The result confirms hypothesis 3 (three) above, which posits
that non-availability of facilities hinder prison administration. This result
is also confirmed by the data analyzed under the prisoners and ex-prisoner
section earlier treated.
Hypothesis
4: That there will be
improvement in reformation, rehabilitation and re-integration process in Oko
prison through proper training and development of the staff.
Table 40: Relationship between reformation, rehabilitation and integration
and training and development of staff.
Value Label
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
175
|
87.5
|
No
|
25
|
12.5
|
Total
|
200
|
100%
|
Question: Does training of staff lead to improved
performance on the job?
The response to this question shows
that 175 (87.5%) of the respondents agreed that there is a relationship between
reformation, rehabilitation and integration and training and development of
staff while 25 (12.5%) of the respondents stated that there is no relationship
between reformation rehabilitation, re-integration and training and development
of staff. This result confirms hypothesis 4 above. Therefore, training and
development of staff is the hallmark of the success of any organization.
